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Molten salt electrolysis using CaCl2 is employed to produce pure titanium and its alloys directly from TiO2 and a mixture of elemental oxides, respectively, as an alternate to the Kroll process. This is because CaO, which is a reduction by-product, is highly soluble in CaCl2. Good-quality titanium containing only a small amount of residual oxygen has been successfully produced and scaled to industrial...
Soldering is the most important of joining technologies and there are numerous solder joints in modern electronic products. The phases and microstructures of solder joints are critical to their properties. Various remarkable phenomena caused by phase transformation and microstructural evolution in solder joints have been reported. The phenomena include ripening, layer detachment, liquation, cruciform...
β-titanium alloys are increasingly used thanks to their high mechanical properties resulting from a clever choice of processing parameters. The effects of heat-treatment conditions on the microstructure of two recent β-metastable titanium alloys are investigated in this study, along with the resulting mechanical properties.
Scanning-probe microscopy has been routinely employed as a surface characterization technique for more than 20 years. Tip deconvolution, the longest-standing problem associated with particle image analysis in atomic force microscopy (AFM), can be solved by scanning a pre-characterized nanosphere prior to imaging unknown particles.
Strength and stiffness of conventional titanium alloys (e.g., Ti-6Al-4V) can be significantly improved while maintaining adequate fracture properties via additions of small amounts of boron. Boron-modified titanium alloys have the potential to expand the usage of titanium and are attractive for a variety of applications in the automotive, aerospace, biomedical, and sporting goods industries. The improvements...
The microstructural change of β titanium alloys, Ti-15V-3Cr-3Sn-3Al and Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al, and an (α+β) titanium alloy, Ti-6Al-4V, during hot deformation at temperatures in β single-phase and (α+β) two-phase regions was studied. For the β titanium alloys, dynamic recovery takes place dominantly within β grains during deformation in the β single-phase region although some discontinuous dynamic recrystallization...
The prediction of microstructure during processing needs to characterize the phase transformation occurring during the thermal treatments and their kinetics. In-situ high-energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction experiments performed during temperature variations allow the characterization of the phase evolution. For some transformation conditions, the continuous recording of diffraction diagrams evidences...
Refractory metal nitride thin films have been widely developed as the diffusion barriers for the aluminum or copper interconnects in integrated circuits. This study reviewed the evolution of diffusion barriers in copper metallization. First, materials characteristics and electrical properties of various diffusion barriers, titanium nitride (TiN), tantalum nitride (TaN), and titanium zirconium nitride...
The measurement of the electromotive force (EMF) of a suitable galvanic cell is one of the most accurate methods to obtain thermodynamic information of alloys. For a chemist, all chemical reactions are, in a sense, electrochemical reactions since all chemical interactions at the atomic level are electrical interactions. Therefore, every chemist and material scientist should be familiar with EMF measurements...
Tools are being developed that use the atomic-force microscope (AFM) to measure mechanical properties with nanoscale spatial resolution. Contact-resonance-spectroscopy techniques such as atomic-force acoustic microscopy involve the vibrational modes of the AFM cantilever when its tip is in contact with a material. These methods enable quantitative maps of local mechanical properties such as elastic...
Arnold B. Silverman is a member of the Intellectual Property department and a member of Eckert Seamans Cherin & Mellott, LLC, 600 Grant Street, 44th Floor, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219.
As ferroelectric device dimensions continue to shrink, the increasing ratio of boundary to bulk necessitates a thorough understanding of interfacial properties. Accordingly, the local piezoelectric hysteresis of a polycrystalline lead zirconate titanate thin film is quantitatively measured and compared to the separately measured grain orientation and the corresponding predicted residual stress and...
The European Research Area has been established to coordinate national research policies and to encourage shared objectives, expertise, and resources throughout the European Union. To accomplish these goals, the European Research Area first needs knowledge of existing resources, fields of excellence, and potential for improvements as well as an idea of the direction of future research. This article...
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